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How to Effectively Present Your Data and Findings?

One of the most challenging parts of preparing a research manuscript is determining the best way to display your findings — whether through tables, figures, or text. Below are some helpful guidelines to make a well-informed choice:

Opt for tables when you need to

  • Display a large set of precise numerical values within a limited space.
  • Compare or contrast characteristics or values of related items with shared variables.
  • Illustrate the presence or absence of particular features.

Choose figures to:

  • Highlight trends, patterns, and relationships across datasets, where the overall trend matters more than specific values.
  • Provide a visual summary of your research findings.
  • Depict sequences, events, phenomena, or geographical information.

Use text when

  • The data is supplementary and does not directly contribute to the main findings.
  • The data is simple and can be easily included in your narrative.
  • A table would only need one or two columns to present the information effectively.

Additional Guidelines

Guidelines for Submitting Figures/Images:

  • Ensure consistent lettering and sizing across all your original artwork.
  • Number illustrations in the order they appear in the manuscript.
  • Tables and figures should be positioned at the end of the document. Include clear placement instructions within the body of the text to indicate where each table or figure should be inserted (e.g., "Insert Table 1 here").

Post-Acceptance Guidelines for Figures/Images:

  • Submit each figure as an individual file. Do not embed any art files within Word or PDF documents at this stage.
  • Line drawings should be submitted at a resolution of 900 dpi.
  • Halftones and colored images must be submitted at a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.
  • Save all files in either TIF or EPS formats.
  • Color images should be saved in CMYK format, not RGB.
  • Black-and-white images should be saved in grayscale format, not RGB.
  • Avoid submitting PowerPoint or Excel files as figure sources.

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